Today marks the 500th
anniversary of the start of the Protestant Reformation. Reformation Day is the
day that commemorates a little known German monk, Martin Luther, who is supposed to have posted his infamous Ninety-Five Theses on a church door in Wittenberg
on this date in 1517, an act that was a challenge to the Roman Catholic authority,
particularly the authority of the pope, and the beginnings of the Modern World.
Many Christians in the West,
particularly in the United States, identify with some branch of the Protestant
Church, now considered, along with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, as a
branch of the larger Christian religion.
But, as we Protestants remember and
celebrate the 500th anniversary of Reformation Day, along with those
we honor as the Reformers, we should be reminded that although these historical
figures’ actions provide us with the faith we now embrace, they were indeed
flawed human beings who may not be as heroic as we imagine them to be.
For example, although historians credit
Luther with starting the Protestant Reformation, and we consider his brave
stance against the overreaching authority of the papacy as a hallmark of deep
conviction and courage, we should not neglect the historical reality that
Luther was an anti-Semite. It is true that Luther perhaps sided with the Jewish
people of Europe against the Roman Catholic Church, but once they did not
embrace his Christianity, he spewed all kinds of derogatory and hate-filled
speech about them, referring to them as “blind” and “stupid fools”, and he
equated them with the devil.
Luther also sided with the ruling
authorities in their attempts to squash the peasant rebellions of the 16th
century, which may have possibly been influenced by Luther’s own views about
the freedom of a Christian. In his Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes
of Peasants, Luther accuses the
peasants of not taking their God-ordained place with the structure of God’s
planned society in which the kings ruled by divine right. Luther supported the
use of brute force against these peasants, arguing that this is the only method
by which they will be stopped.
John Calvin,
the great father of the Reformed Tradition, was also significantly flawed. For
one thing, his theological teachings, which continue to influence various
Christian traditions, were centered on the sovereignty of God as some sort of
capricious and arbitrary God, who Calvin argued “predestined” some for
salvation and others for damnation. Calvin’s view of God leaves little to no
room for human freedom and for human goodness; all of eternity has been
predetermined by God.
But, perhaps
Calvin’s most flawed action was his support for the death of Michael Servetus,
a Spanish theologian accused of anti-trinitarianism and anti-infant baptism.
Servetus had escaped to Geneva where Calvin was, and while attending a sermon
being delivered by Calvin, Servetus was recognized and arrested. Calvin gave
his support for Servetus to be burned at the stake as a heretic. Calvin
referred to his teachings as "execrable blasphemies", and he stated
that, “Whoever shall maintain that wrong is done to heretics and blasphemers in
punishing them makes himself an accomplice in their crime and guilty as they
are.”
John Knox, the great Scottish Reformer,
whose house I walked by several times and visited on a couple of occasions, and
whose statue stands in the court yard of New College, and in whose church I
often sat in still reflection, was also no saint. In his, The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women,
a misogynistic treatise against Mary, Queen of Scots, Knox refers to women as
blind, weak, mad, and foolish, and he asks, “How can woman be the image of God,
seeing (says he) she is subject to man, and has none authority, neither to
teach, neither to be witness, neither to judge, much less to rule or bear
empire?”
There are, of course, others among the
Reformers that could serve as examples of those we often consider heroes of the
Protestant faith, but who say and do things we would consider abhorrent.
Moreover, we could certainly point to many atrocities performed in the name of
the Christian faith by the Medieval Church before the Reformation. So, on the
one hand, we can perhaps applaud the boldness and courage of the Reformers like
Luther, Calvin, and Knox, whose actions changed forever western civilization
and Christendom, but at the same time remember that they are severely flawed
heroes.
Perhaps having this perspective will
help us see our own flaws as we make Christian history for tomorrow’s
believers.
